Zemo Parnaki (Avchala) Fortress

Upper Parnak Fortress is located in the territory of modern Turkey, in the Erzurum Province, in the Şenkayi District, north of the village of Parnak, in historical southwestern Georgia, in the Imier-Tao, on both banks of the river and the Oltisi.

There are two independent fortresses on both sides of the river. The Turks refer to it by different names. It seems that the names have been repeated over the centuries. The Turks also call this fortress the Avchala Fortress because the village of Avchala was located on the right side of the river where the fortress is.

The Turks also refer to the Avchala Fortress of Zemo Parnak as Kizkalesi.